Please read all caution notes for each relevant plant. Also read the general safety notes.

Keep samples of plants consumed. In case of adverse reaction seek medical attention immediately, taking along the samples.

This list of plants was compiled from several sources which have claimed edibility of these plants or some of their parts. The information was cross-referenced with information from herbal medicine books and databases of poisonous plants. Some of it is contradictory. Every effort has been made to bring together as much data as possible to allow an informed decision about edibility.

The information is given in good faith, but is by no means complete, and is of known hazards only. Absence of information on toxicity or danger, or inclusion in this list is not indicative of a plant's safety. Consumption is at the reader's own risk and discretion.

Some guidance may reduce the risk of starvation in a survival situation, but it is best to err on the safe side when other food is available.

The list below has basic essential details for over 300 plants. There are also about 50 plants (highlighted in brick-red) which have a more in-depth profile which can be accessed with a button link inside the drop-down item. Most of those profiled plants have photos which you can access from the profile page.

The list on this page allows quick access to the most important information, whilst inside the profile view you can also browse from plant to plant alphabetically from links at the bottom of the page.

Plant parts:
leaf
stem or trunk
sap
root, bulb, tuber and other below ground parts
flower
fruit
seed

Other:
caution

Botanical name: Agrimonia eupatoria
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: tea
: cooked

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Smyrnium olusatrum
Family: Carrot (Apiaceae)
Biennial

Collectability: availability unknown, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
(buds) : raw
: cooked

Member of the carrot family. There are a number of deadly poisonous plants in this family, with great superficial resemblance to edible plants. It is therefore advisable to be very careful when identifying plants in this family, and only consume them if you are completely sure of correct identification. See special note on the carrot family on the safety page.

Botanical name: Angelica archangelica
Family: Carrot (Apiaceae)
Biennial

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: cooked
: flavouring

Contains furanocoumarin, especially the root, and when damaged or attacked by mould. May cause photo dermatitis in contact with sap and exposure to sun light or other ultra violet light. Only gather good specimen and consume as fresh as possible. Boiling can reduce it by half (discard water). Eat sparingly.

Member of the carrot family. There are a number of deadly poisonous plants in this family, with great superficial resemblance to edible plants. It is therefore advisable to be very careful when identifying plants in this family, and only consume them if you are completely sure of correct identification. See special note on the carrot family on the safety page.

Botanical name: Lamiastrum galeobdolon
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : cooked

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Sagittaria sagittifolia
Family: Water-plantain (Alismataceae)
Perennial

Collectability: rare - avoid

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) (peeled) : cooked

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Calla palustris
Family: Arum (Araceae)
Perennial

Collectability: famine food - unsafe but potentially nutritious after careful preparation

Edible parts and how to consume
: cook

Contains oxalic acid and calcium oxalate.
Oxalic acid can bind up other minerals, especially calcium. May aggravate rheumatic conditions, kidney stones, hyper acidity or osteoporosis. May be reduced by cooking, possibly also if eaten with a source of salts derived from methyl salicylate (salicylic acid etc.) from sources such as dried Queen of the Meadow.

Calcium oxalate crystals cause severe irritation to mucous membranes and organs. Causes burning sensation in mouth, sometimes after a brief delay. Aggravates rheumatic conditions, kidney stones or hyper acidity. Severe poisoning can result in kidney damage and even death. May be neutralised by thoroughly drying or cooking or steeping in water. Best avoided.

Botanical name: Asparagus officinalis
Family: Lily (Liliaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : raw

Fruit is mildly toxic. Shoots eaten in quantity may be kidney irritant.

Botanical name: Tripolium pannonicum
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Geum rivale
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: flavouring, tea

Botanical name: Berberis vulgaris
Family: Barberry (Berberidaceae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

The bark (especially of the root) is toxic. The fruit is safe.

Botanical name: Hordeum murinum
Family: Grass (Gramniae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: flour

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Calamintha ascendens (syn. Clinopodium ascendens)
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: flavouring

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Clinopodium vulgare
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw, flavouring

Safety unknown

In-depth profile Botanical name: Allium ursinum
Family: Lily (Liliaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: specialised habitat, may be rare and protected (see note on profile page)

Edible parts and how to consume
(bulb) : raw

Take extra care with identification. Leaves can be mistaken for the leaves of the very poisonous plant Lily-of-the-Valley Convallaria majalis. May be toxic if consumed in large quantities.

In-depth profile Botanical name: Galium odoratum
Family: Bedstraw (Rubiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw, flavouring

Contains coumarin, especially when dried. Coumarin is a moderate kidney and liver toxin. It can cause headaches and suppress appetite. Coumarin is transformed by certain fungi into an anti-coagulant. Avoid if on drugs for circulatory conditions. Consume in moderation. For beverages it is best not to use more than three plants per litre.

Smells of fresh cut hay.

Botanical name: Galium verum
Family: Bedstraw (Rubiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: details unknown

Safety unknown

In-depth profile Botanical name: Fagus sylvatica
Family: Beech (Fagaceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, good, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: raw, oil

May be toxic if it contains tannin, and is consumed in large quantities. Tannin binds with protein, can interfere with iron absorption and can cause gastric pain, irritation to organs and liver damage. It is bitter and astringent and colours water dark. It may be reduced or removed by leaching in several changes of water, until it runs clear (not brown). Baking soda added to the water may speed up the process. Tannin breaks down with time.

Botanical name: Beta vulgaris maritima
Family: Goosefoot (Chenopodiaceae)
Annual/perennial

Collectability: availability unknown, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Contains oxalic acid. Oxalic acid can bind up other minerals, especially calcium. May aggravate rheumatic conditions, kidney stones, hyper acidity or osteoporosis. May be reduced by cooking, possibly also if eaten with a source of salts derived from methyl salicylate (salicylic acid etc.) from sources such as dried Queen of the Meadow. Eat in moderation.

This plant can concentrate soil toxins. Only pick from uncontaminated land.

Botanical name: Campanula rotundifolia
Family: Bellflower (Campanulaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Campanula latifolia
Family: Bellflower (Campanulaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot - high Vitamin C) : raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Campanula rapunculoides
Family: Bellflower (Campanulaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Convulvulus arvensis
Family: Bindweed (Convolvulaceae)
Perennial climber

Collectability: common, plentiful, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
Plant : flavouring

Safety unknown

In-depth profile Botanical name: Calystegia sepium
Family: Bindweed (Convolvulaceae)
Perennial climber

Collectability: famine food - unsafe but potentially nutritious with careful preparation.
Common, widespread, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked
: cooked, starch

laxative - can cause gastric upset.

May be mistaken for Great Bindweed (C. silvatica)

In-depth profile Botanical name: Betula pubescens
Family: Birch (Betulaceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: common, widespread, plentiful, good

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
(inner bark) : flour

In-depth profile Botanical name: Aegopodium podagraria
Family: Carrot (Apiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, good, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

May be mistaken for the highly toxic Hemlock Water Dropwort (Oenanthe crocata).

Member of the carrot family. There are a number of deadly poisonous plants in this family, with great superficial resemblance to edible plants. It is therefore advisable to be very careful when identifying plants in this family, and only consume them if you are completely sure of correct identification.

See special note on the carrot family on the safety page.

Botanical name: Polygonum bistorta
Family: Dock (Polygonaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

May cause photo sensitivity in sensitive people.

Contains oxalic acid. Oxalic acid can bind up other minerals, especially calcium. May aggravate rheumatic conditions, kidney stones, hyper acidity or osteoporosis. May be reduced by cooking, possibly also if eaten with a source of salts derived from methyl salicylate (salicylic acid etc.) from sources such as dried Queen of the Meadow. Eat in moderation.

Botanical name: Barbarea vulgaris
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
(bud) : cooked

May be toxic for kidneys

This plant can concentrate soil toxins. Only pick from uncontaminated land.

In-depth profile Botanical name: Cardamine hirsuta
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Annual

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: sprouted, though small and fiddly

In-depth profile Botanical name: Rubus fruticosus
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: plentiful, common, invasive weed

Edible parts and how to consume
( young, peel) : raw
: cooked

Sharp thorns on stem and underside of leaf midrib.

Fruit can cause gastric upset if eaten in quantity. Canes can whip out when moved

Botanical name: Ribes nigrum
Family: Currant (Grossulariaceae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked
: raw

Safety unknown

In-depth profile Botanical name: Prunus spinosa
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: raw, jelly, flavouring

The leaves, bark, flowers and seeds contain or produce hydrogen cyanide in contact with water. Hydrogen cyanide, also known as Prussic acid, may be safe in very small quantities. May be driven off by heat. Very bitter with smell of almonds. Consume in moderation.

Spines may cause septic wounds.

Botanical name: Fucus vesiculosus - Seaweed

Collectability: specialised habitat - tidal waters

Botanical name: Vaccinium uliginosum
Family: Heath (Ericaceae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: tea
: raw

Fruit may be mildly toxic if consumed in large quantities

Botanical name: Menyanthes trifoliata
Family: Bogbeen (Menyanthaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: rare and of little value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

Leach the root in several changes of water to remove substance. Can cause gastric upset.

Botanical name: Borago officinalis
Family: Borage (Boraginaceae)
Annual

Collectability: poisonous and of little value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Contains traces of pyrrolizidine alkaloids which can cause liver damage and cancer and are cumulative. Best avoided, especially when pregnant.

Botanical name: Pteridium aquilium
Perennial

Collectability: famine food - unsafe but potentially nutritious with careful preparation
Invasive week

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

May contain carcinogens - avoid.

Contains thiaminase. Thiaminase is a heat-resistant enzyme which destroys Vitamin B1. It is safe in small quantities, and when diet contains plenty of Vitamin B1. It is destroyed by cooking at 80 degrees Centigrade or above for at least 5 minutes.

Botanical name: Cytisus scoparius
Family: Pea (Leguminosae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: roasted

Green parts may be mildly toxic

Botanical name: Hippophae rhamnoides
Family: Oleaster (Elaeagnaceae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat - coastal

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw (Vitamin C ), can be used as lemon substitute

Botanical name: Fagopyrum esculentum
Family: Dock (Polygonaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: raw, sprouted

May cause photo sensitivity in sensitive people.

Contains oxalic acid. Oxalic acid can bind up other minerals, especially calcium. May aggravate rheumatic conditions, kidney stones, hyper acidity or osteoporosis. May be reduced by cooking, possibly also if eaten with a source of salts derived from methyl salicylate (salicylic acid etc.) from sources such as dried Queen of the Meadow. Eat in moderation.

Botanical name: Ajuga reptans
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: poisonous and of little value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

May be narcotic. Has caused fatalities - avoid.

Botanical name: Echium vulgare
Family: Borage (Boraginaceae)
Biennial

Collectability: poisonous and of little value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Contact with hairs may cause dermatitis in sensitive people. May be toxic.

Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids which can cause liver damage and cancer and are cumulative. Best avoided, especially when pregnant.

Botanical name: Scirpus maritimus
Family: Sedge (Cyperaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
: flour

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Sparganium erectum
Family: Bur-reed (Sparganiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(base) : cooked

Safety unknown

In-depth profile Botanical name: Arctium minus
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Biennial

Collectability: plentiful, good, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
(young) : raw

Seeds contain arctiin, a substance which can cause convulsions, increased respiration, later paralysis, also lowers blood pressure. It has shown anti-cancer effects. Arctiin belongs to a group of chemicals called lignans, which are phytoestrogens and antioxidant.

The fibreglass-like seed hairs are a skin irritant, and may be irritant by inhalation.

Botanical name: Sanguisorba officinalis
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Sanguisorba minor
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Linaria vulgaris
Family: Figwort (Scrophulariaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) - cooked

May be mildly toxic

Botanical name: Ranunculus repens
Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: poisonous and of little value as food, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

All parts are mildly toxic.

All species of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) produce the toxin protoanemonin in varying quantities when damaged. Contact may causes itching or blistering. In the mouth it causes a burning sensation, and ingested causes gastric upset, headache, dizziness, spasms, paralysis or circulatory failure. Protoanemonin is non-cumulative and may be destroyed by heat and drying.

Some species of buttercups are highly toxic.

Take extra care identifying, handling and preparing plants in this family.

Botanical name: Ranunculus sceleratus
Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae)
Annual

Collectability: poisonous and of little value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

All parts are toxic.

Leach in several changes of water to remove substance.

All species of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) produce the toxin protoanemonin in varying quantities when damaged. Contact may causes itching or blistering. In the mouth it causes a burning sensation, and ingested causes gastric upset, headache, dizziness, spasms, paralysis or circulatory failure. Protoanemonin is non-cumulative and may be destroyed by heat and drying.

Some species of buttercups are highly toxic.

Take extra care identifying, handling and preparing plants in this family.

Botanical name: Ranunculus ficaria
Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: common, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
(before flowering): raw
(after plant has withered): cooked

All parts are mildly toxic.

All species of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) produce the toxin protoanemonin in varying quantities when damaged. Contact may causes itching or blistering. In the mouth it causes a burning sensation, and ingested causes gastric upset, headache, dizziness, spasms, paralysis or circulatory failure. Protoanemonin is non-cumulative and may be destroyed by heat and drying.

Some species of buttercups are highly toxic.

Take extra care identifying, handling and preparing plants in this family.

Botanical name: Ranunculus acris
Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: poisonous and of little value as food, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

All parts are toxic.

All species of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) produce the toxin protoanemonin in varying quantities when damaged. Contact may causes itching or blistering. In the mouth it causes a burning sensation, and ingested causes gastric upset, headache, dizziness, spasms, paralysis or circulatory failure. Protoanemonin is non-cumulative and may be destroyed by heat and drying.

Some species of buttercups are highly toxic.

Take extra care identifying, handling and preparing plants in this family.

Botanical name: Brassica oleracea
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Acorus calamus
Family: Arum (Araceae)
Perennial

Collectability: suspect source information, caution advised, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
(young) (shoot) (peeled) : raw

The root of some ssp. may contain carcinogens.

Also known as Maidenstears

Botanical name: Silene vulgaris
Family: Pink (Caryophyllaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : raw

Contains saponins. Saponins may be beneficial in small doses, but are toxic in large. May be removed by leaching, rinsing or heat. Eat in moderation. May affect mucous membranes. Some saponins are highly toxic.

Botanical name: Chondrus crispus - Seaweed

Collectability: specialised habitat - tidal waters

In-depth profile Botanical name: Hypochoeris radicata
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

In-depth profile Botanical name: Typha latifolia
Family: Reed-mace (Typhaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, good, worthwhile root - specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) (immature, pollen) : raw
: raw, flour

May be mistaken for the poisonous Yellow Flag when not in flower. Both may grow in the same habitat. Flag leaves have a distinct mid-rib, and are more brightly green, whereas Bulrush leaves have a more rounded surface, are more blue-green, and have a bloom.

Botanical name: Chelidonium majus
Family: Poppy (Papaveraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: poisonous

Contact with sap may cause dermatitis. All parts are toxic (especially the root) - toxicity may be reduced by heat. May be fatal - avoid.

Botanical name: Apium graveolens
Family: Carrot (Apiaceae)
Biennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: cooked
: flavouring

Contact with sap my cause irritation in sensitive people.

May be mistaken for the highly toxic Hemlock Water Dropwort (Oenanthe crocata).

Member of the carrot family. There are a number of deadly poisonous plants in this family, with great superficial resemblance to edible plants. It is therefore advisable to be very careful when identifying plants in this family, and only consume them if you are completely sure of correct identification. See special note on the carrot family on the safety page.

Botanical name: Centaurium erythraea
Family: Gentian (Gentinaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
Whole plant : flavouring

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Anthemis arvensis
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Annual/biennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
Medicinal

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Matricaria recutita
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Annual/biennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : tea

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Chamaemelum nobile
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : flavouring, tea

Contains coumarin, especially when dried. Coumarin is a moderate kidney and liver toxin. Can cause headaches and suppress appetite. Coumarin is transformed by certain fungi into an anti-coagulant. Eat in moderation. Avoid if on drugs for circulatory conditions. Smells of fresh cut hay.

Also known as Mayweed

Botanical name: Anthemis cotula
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Annual/biennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: flavouring

Contact and consumption may cause allergies in sensitive people.

Also known as Wild Service Tree

Botanical name: Sorbus torminalis
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw (bletted - nearly rotten)

Fruit can cause gastric upset if eaten in quantity.

The leaves, bark and seeds contain or produce hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide, also known as Prussic acid, may be safe in very small quantities. May be driven off by heat. Very bitter with smell of almonds.

Botanical name: Cornus mas
Family: Dogwood (Cornaceae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: roasted

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Prunus padus
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: raw, if not bitter

The leaves, bark and seeds contain or produce hydrogen cyanide in contact with water. Hydrogen cyanide, also known as Prussic acid, may be safe in very small quantities. May be driven off by heat. Very bitter with smell of almonds.

Botanical name: Prunus cerasus
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: raw, if not bitter

The leaves, bark and seeds contain or produce hydrogen cyanide in contact with water. Hydrogen cyanide, also known as Prussic acid, may be safe in very small quantities. May be driven off by heat. Very bitter with smell of almonds.

Botanical name: Prunus avium
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: raw, if not bitter

The leaves, bark and seeds contain or produce hydrogen cyanide in contact with water. Hydrogen cyanide, also known as Prussic acid, may be safe in very small quantities. May be driven off by heat. Very bitter with smell of almonds.

Botanical name: Chaerophyllum bulbosum
Family: Carrot (Apiaceae)
Biennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : raw

May be toxic.

Member of the carrot family. There are a number of deadly poisonous plants in this family, with great superficial resemblance to edible plants. It is therefore advisable to be very careful when identifying plants in this family, and only consume them if you are completely sure of correct identification. See special note on the carrot family on the safety page.

Botanical name: Anthriscus sylvestris
Family: Carrot (Apiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: cooked

May be toxic.

Member of the carrot family. There are a number of deadly poisonous plants in this family, with great superficial resemblance to edible plants. It is therefore advisable to be very careful when identifying plants in this family, and only consume them if you are completely sure of correct identification. See special note on the carrot family on the safety page.

Botanical name: Sorbus aria
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw (when nearly rotten)

Seeds contain or produce hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide, also known as Prussic acid, may be safe in very small quantities. May be driven off by heat. Very bitter with smell of almonds.

In-depth profile Botanical name: Castanea sativa
Family: Beech (Fagaceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: plentiful, good, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

Botanical name: Aesculus hippocastanum
Family: Horse Chestnut (Hippocastanaceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: famine food - unsafe but potentially nutritious with careful preparation

Edible parts and how to consume
(fully ripe) : leached and cooked

Toxic. Leach in several changes of water to remove substance.
Contains high concentrations of saponins. May be fatal - avoid. Saponins may be beneficial in small doses, but are toxic in large. May be removed by leaching, rinsing or heat. May affect mucous membranes. Some saponins are highly toxic.

In-depth profile Botanical name: Stellaria media
Family: Pink (Caryophyllaceae)
Annual

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, good

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: cooked

Take extra care with identification, can be mistaken for very poisonous plants (Spurge).

The plant contains saponins, which may be beneficial in small amounts, but toxic in large. May be reduced or removed by leaching, rinsing or cooking. May affect mucous membranes.

Some saponins are highly toxic.

Eat in moderation.

Botanical name: Cerastium fontanum
Family: Pink (Caryophyllaceae)
Annual/perennial

Collectability: availability unknown, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
(young) : cooked

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Cerastium glomeratum (syn. C. viscosum)
Family: Pink (Caryophyllaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : details unknown

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Cichorium intybus
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: cooked, roasted as coffee substitute, raw contains 64% inulin by weight - 9.3g (about 1/3 oz) provides 6g of inulin, the recommended daily amount

Toxic for retina if consumed in large quantities.

Botanical name: Allium schoenoprasum
Family: Lily (Liliaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: rare and of limited value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

May be toxic if consumed in large quantities.

Botanical name: Myrrhis odorata
Family: Carrot (Apiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

May be toxic.

Member of the carrot family. There are a number of deadly poisonous plants in this family, with great superficial resemblance to edible plants. It is therefore advisable to be very careful when identifying plants in this family, and only consume them if you are completely sure of correct identification. See special note on the carrot family on the safety page.

Botanical name: Potentilla reptans
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Potentilla erecta
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

Leach in several changes of water to remove substance

In-depth profile Botanical name: Argentina anserina
Formerly classified as: Potentilla anserina
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, good, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: tea
(young shoots) : raw
: raw, starch

Also known as Wild Sage

Botanical name: Salvia verbenaca
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: rare and of little value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw, flavouring

contains clerodane diterpenes which can cause liver damage - eat in moderation.

Contains thujone which is toxic to brain and liver cells and may cause abortion if eaten in quantity. Avoid if pregnant.

In-depth profile Botanical name: Galium aparine
Family: Bedstraw (Rubiaceae)
Annual

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, invasive weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked
: roasted, sprouted

Contact with sap my cause irritation in sensitive people.

Consumption of the barbs may cause irritation. Cook to soften.

May be mistaken for Sweet Woodruff G. odoratum. See Collection on profile page.

Botanical name: Clematis vitalba
Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: suspect source information, caution advised

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : cooked

All parts are toxic.

All species of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) produce the toxin protoanemonin in varying quantities when damaged. Contact may causes itching or blistering. In the mouth it causes a burning sensation, and ingested causes gastric upset, headache, dizziness, spasms, paralysis or circulatory failure. Protoanemonis is non-cumulative and may be destroyed by heat and drying.

Some species of buttercups are highly toxic.

Take extra care identifying, handling and preparing plants in this family.

Botanical name: Rubus chamaemorus
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Trigonella ornithopodioides
Family: Pea (Leguminosae)
Annual/perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

In-depth profile Botanical name: Trifolium pratense
Family: Pea (Leguminosae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: cooked
: sprouted

May be slightly toxic if plant is diseased.

Seeds contain trypsin inhibitor. Trypsin inhibitors interfere with protein digestion and are reduced or destroyed by sprouting.

Botanical name: Trifolium repens
Family: Pea (Leguminosae)
Perennial

Collectability: famine food - unsafe but potentially nutritious with careful preparation

Edible parts and how to consume
(young) : raw
: cooked
: flour

Contains or produces hydrogen cyanide when damaged. Hydrogen cyanide, also known as Prussic acid, may be safe in very small quantities. May be driven off by heat. Very bitter with smell of almonds.

Botanical name: Medicago lupulina
Family: Pea (Leguminosae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked
: sprouted

Contains trypsin inhibitor which interfere with protein digestion and is reduced or destroyed by sprouting.

Botanical name: Epilobium hirsutum
Family: Willowherb (Onagraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: details unknown

May be toxic

Botanical name: Tussilago farfara
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: poisonous and of little value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
(young) : raw
: flavouring

Contains traces of pyrrolizidine alkaloids which can cause liver damage and cancer and are cumulative. Best avoided, especially when pregnant..

Botanical name: Symphytum officinale
Family: Borage (Boraginaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: poisonous and of little value as food

Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (especially in the root and Russian Comfrey). Known fatalities -- avoid. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids can cause liver damage and cancer and are cumulative. Best avoided, especially when pregnant.

Botanical name: Coriandrum sativum
Family: Carrot (Apiaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: cooked, flavouring

Narcotic if consumed in quantity.

Leaves contain oxalic acid. Oxalic acid can bind up other minerals, especially calcium. May aggravate rheumatic conditions, kidney stones, hyper acidity or osteoporosis. May be reduced by cooking, possibly also if eaten with a source of salts derived from methyl salicylate (salicylic acid etc.) from sources such as dried Queen of the Meadow. Eat in moderation.

Member of the carrot family. There are a number of deadly poisonous plants in this family, with great superficial resemblance to edible plants. It is therefore advisable to be very careful when identifying plants in this family, and only consume them if you are completely sure of correct identification. See special note on the carrot family on the safety page.

Botanical name: Cornus suecica
Family: Dogwood (Cornaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Valerianella locusta
Family: Valerian (Valerianacea)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Malus sylvestris
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Contains or produces hydrogen cyanide in the leaves, bark and seed. Hydrogen cyanide, also known as Prussic acid, may be safe in very small quantities. May be driven off by heat. Very bitter with smell of almonds.

Botanical name: Vaccinium oxycoccus
Family: Heath (Ericaceae)
Evergreen shrub

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: tea
: raw

Also known as Guelder Rose

Botanical name: Viburnum opulus
Family: Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: suspect source information, caution advised

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Fruit can cause gastric upset if eaten in quantity. The bark is toxic.

Botanical name: Lysimachia nummularia
Family: Primrose (Primulaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: tea

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Empetrum nigrum
Family: Crowberry (Empetraceae)
Evergreen shrub

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Leaves may be toxic.

Fruit may cause nausea if eaten in quantity

Botanical name: Cardamine pratensis
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) (bud) : raw (Vitamin C)

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Arum maculatum
Family: Arum (Araceae)
Perennial

Collectability: famine food - unsafe but potentially nutritious with careful preparation

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

Leach and boil in several changes of water to remove substance.

Contains oxalic acid and calcium oxalate in high concentrations - avoid.

Oxalic acid can bind up other minerals, especially calcium. May aggravate rheumatic conditions, kidney stones, hyper acidity or osteoporosis. May be reduced by cooking, possibly also if eaten with a source of salts derived from methyl salicylate (salicylic acid etc.) from sources such as dried Queen of the Meadow.

Calcium oxalate crystals cause severe irritation to mucous membranes and organs. Causes burning sensation in mouth, sometimes after a brief delay. Aggravates rheumatic conditions, kidney stones or hyper acidity. Severe poisoning can result in kidney damage and even death. May be neutralised by thoroughly drying or cooking or steeping in water.

In-depth profile Botanical name: Ribes rubrum
Family: Currant (Grossulariaceae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: plentiful, good, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

May be confused with Guelder Rose (see plant list).

Leaves contain or produce hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide, also known as Prussic acid, may be safe in very small quantities. May be driven off by heat. Very bitter with smell of almonds.

Also known as Atlantic Wakame

Botanical name: Alaria esculenta - Seaweed

Collectability: specialised habitat - low tidal waters

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Glebionis segetum (syn. Chrysanthemum segetum)
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: rare and of little value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : cooked

Contains coumarin, especially when dried. Coumarin is a moderate kidney and liver toxin. Can cause headaches and suppress appetite. Coumarin is transformed by certain fungi into an anti-coagulant. Eat in moderation. Avoid if on drugs for circulatory conditions. Smells of fresh cut hay.

In-depth profile Botanical name: Bellis perennis
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Botanical name: Chrysanthemum leucanthemum
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

In-depth profileBotanical name: Taraxacum officinale
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, good, weed, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

The latex is slightly corrosive and may cause skin blistering. It should be used with care. When applying to warts avoid getting it onto healthy skin. Apply only once or twice, repeat at intervals if necessary.

Botanical name: Lamium amplexicaule
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

In-depth profile Botanical name: Lamium purpureum
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Annual

Collectability: plentiful, common, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Botanical name: Lamium album
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: tea

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Succisa pratensis
Family: Teasel (Dipsacaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Rubus caesius
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Sharp thorns

In-depth profile Botanical name: Rumex crispus
Family: Dock (Polygonaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, good, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Contains oxalic acid. Oxalic acid can bind up other minerals, especially calcium. May aggravate rheumatic conditions, kidney stones, hyper acidity or osteoporosis. May be reduced by cooking, possibly also if eaten with a source of salts derived from methyl salicylate (salicylic acid etc.) from sources such as dried Queen of the Meadow.

The root may cause gastric upset, nausea and dermatitis if eaten in excess.

Eat in moderation.

Botanical name: Rumex patientia
Family: Dock (Polygonaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: details unknown

Contains oxalic acid. Oxalic acid can bind up other minerals, especially calcium. May aggravate rheumatic conditions, kidney stones, hyper acidity or osteoporosis. May be reduced by cooking, possibly also if eaten with a source of salts derived from methyl salicylate (salicylic acid etc.) from sources such as dried Queen of the Meadow.

Botanical name: Cornus sanguinea
Family: Dogwood (Cornaceae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

The leaves and root are mildly toxic

Botanical name: Filipendula vulgaris
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Lemna minor
Family: Duckweed (Lemnaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: details unknown

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Palmaria palmata - Seaweed

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat - tidal waters

Botanical name: Laurencia pinnatifida - Seaweed

Collectability: specialised habitat - tidal waters

In-depth profile Botanical name: Sambucus nigra
Family: Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: plentiful, common, good

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

The leaves, bark and seeds contain or produce hydrogen cyanide in contact with water. Hydrogen cyanide, also known as Prussic acid, may be safe in very small quantities. May be driven off by heat. Very bitter with smell of almonds.

It is best to remove seeds from the berries or avoid chewing them. Unbroken seeds are more likely to pass through the system undigested.

Unripe berries are poisonous.

Botanical name: Eryngium maritimum
Family: Carrot (Apiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: rare and of little value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Member of the carrot family. There are a number of deadly poisonous plants in this family, with great superficial resemblance to edible plants. It is therefore advisable to be very careful when identifying plants in this family, and only consume them if you are completely sure of correct identification. See special note on the carrot family on the safety page.

Botanical name: Oenothera biennis
Family: Willowherb (Onagraceae)
Biennial

Collectability: plentiful, worthwhile root, specialised habitat, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : raw
: cooked
: cooked, oil

Shoots may be toxic. Leaves and root may be irritating to throat.

Botanical name: Oenothera glazioviana
Family: Willowherb (Onagraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : raw
: cooked

Shoots may be toxic. Leaves and root may be irritating to throat.

Botanical name: Galium mollugo
Family: Bedstraw (Rubiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Foeniculum vulgare
Family: Carrot (Apiaceae)
Biennial/perennial

Collectability: availability unknown, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: flavouring, sprouted
: cooked

May cause photo sensitivity in sensitive people. Contact with sap my cause irritation in sensitive people.

Member of the carrot family. There are a number of deadly poisonous plants in this family, with great superficial resemblance to edible plants. It is therefore advisable to be very careful when identifying plants in this family, and only consume them if you are completely sure of correct identification. See special note on the carrot family on the safety page.

Poisonous and of little value as food

Most ferns contain carcinogens and thiaminase and are not edible.

Thiaminase is a heat-resistant enzyme which destroys Vitamin B1. It is safe in small quantities, and when diet contains plenty of Vitamin B1. It is destroyed by cooking at 80 degrees Centigrade or above for at least 5 minutes. Known fatalities - avoid.

Botanical name: Tanacetum parthenium
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: flavouring

Suspect source information - caution advised

Botanical name: Carpobrotus edulis
Family: Mesembryanthemum (Aizoaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Scrophularia nodosa
Family: Figwort (Scrophulariaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

Avoid with rapid heart rate

In-depth profile Botanical name: Corylus avellana
Family: Birch (Betulaceae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: plentiful, common, good

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

In-depth profile Botanical name: Chamerion angustifolium
Family: Willowherb (Onagraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, weed, good, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
(young shoot) (bud) : raw
: cooked

Botanical name: Iris pseudacorus
Family: Iris (Iridaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: famine food - unsafe but potentially nutritious with careful preparation

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

Contact and consumption may cause allergies in sensitive people. The leaves and root can cause gastric upset - avoid.

Botanical name: Fumaria officinalis
Family: Fumitory (Fumariaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: curdling agent

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Myrica gale
Family: Bog Myrtle (Myriaceae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: rare and of little value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
: flavouring

May cause abortion

Botanical name: Cyperus longus
Family: Sedge (Cyperaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: rare and of little value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
: flavouring

Botanical name: Galinsoga parviflora
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

May be toxic to goats

Botanical name: Geranium dissectum
Family: Cranesbill (Geraniaceae)
Annual/perennial

Collectability: weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: cooked

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Salicornia maritima (syn. S. europaea)
Family: Goosefoot (Chenopodaceae)
Annual

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : cooked
: oil

Beware of polluted water. Plant contains high concentrations of sodium (salt) and silica.

Botanical name: Solidago virgaurea
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: tea

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Chenopodium bonus-henricus
Family: Goosefoot (Chenopodiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

May cause photo sensitivity in sensitive people.

Contains saponins and oxalic acid. Eat in moderation.

Saponins may be beneficial in small doses, but are toxic in large. May be removed by leaching, rinsing or heat. May affect mucous membranes. Some saponins are highly toxic.

Oxalic acid can bind up other minerals, especially calcium. May aggravate rheumatic conditions, kidney stones, hyper acidity or osteoporosis. May be reduced by cooking, possibly also if eaten with a source of salts derived from methyl salicylate (salicylic acid etc.) from sources such as dried Queen of the Meadow.

Contains or produces hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide, also known as Prussic acid, may be safe in very small quantities. May be driven off by heat. Very bitter with smell of almonds.

Can concentrate nitrates. Nitrates are linked with stomach cancer. Plants grown in nitrogen rich soil, especially grown with artificial fertiliser, can concentrate nitrates in the leaves. Avoid gathering plants where artificial fertilisers are used, or near farm yards, dung heaps and other nitrogen rich places.

This plant can also concentrate other soil toxins. Only pick from uncontaminated land.

Botanical name: Ribes uva-crispa
Family: Currant (Grossulariaceae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
(young) : raw

Sharp spines.

Leaves contain or produce hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide, also known as Prussic acid, may be safe in very small quantities. May be driven off by heat. Very bitter with smell of almonds.

Botanical name: Chenopodium rubrum
Family: Goosefoot (Chenopodiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked
: sprouted

May cause photo sensitivity in sensitive people.

Contains saponins and oxalic acid. Eat in moderation.

Saponins may be beneficial in small doses, but are toxic in large. May be removed by leaching, rinsing or heat. May affect mucous membranes. Some saponins are highly toxic.

Oxalic acid can bind up other minerals, especially calcium. May aggravate rheumatic conditions, kidney stones, hyper acidity or osteoporosis. May be reduced by cooking, possibly also if eaten with a source of salts derived from methyl salicylate (salicylic acid etc.) from sources such as dried Queen of the Meadow.

Contains or produces hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide, also known as Prussic acid, may be safe in very small quantities. May be driven off by heat. Very bitter with smell of almonds.

Can concentrate nitrates. Nitrates are linked with stomach cancer. Plants grown in nitrogen rich soil, especially grown with artificial fertiliser, can concentrate nitrates in the leaves. Avoid gathering plants where artificial fertilisers are used, or near farm yards, dung heaps and other nitrogen rich places.

This plant can also concentrate other soil toxins. Only pick from uncontaminated land.

Botanical name: Ulex europaeus
Family: Pea (Leguminosae)
Shrub

Collectability: plentiful, widespread, common, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot tips) : tea
: pickled

Seeds may be toxic. Sharp thorns.

Family: Grass (Graminae)
Annual/perennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, good

Edible parts and how to consume

Humans can not digest the cellulose in the leaves, but the very nutritious and protein-rich sap can be extracted by juicing, and either drunk or processed into leaf curd (links to another page). Some grasses also have other edible parts like roots, shoots, rhizomes, pollen and flowers, e.g. bamboos, Common Reed or Reedmace.

Also see Quackgrass Elytrigia repens below.

see Families - Grass (links to another page)

Botanical name: Glechoma hederacea
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Botanical name: Senecio vulgaris
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Annual

Collectability: poisonous and of little value as food

Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids which can cause liver damage and cancer and are cumulative. Best avoided.

Botanical name: Lycopus europaeus
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Crepsis tectorum
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(young) : cooked

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Leontodon hispidus
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: roasted, beverage

Safety unknown

In-depth profile Botanical name: Crataegus monogyna
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: plentiful, common, good

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: tea
: roasted

Large, sharp thorns on trunk and branches

Botanical name: Calluna vulgaris
Family: Heath (Ericaceae)
Shrub

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : tea

Botanical name: Stachys officinalis
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: tea
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Stachys palustris
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) - cooked
: raw
: details unknown

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Geum urbanum
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: flavouring, tea

Botanical name: Descurainia sophia
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : cooked
: raw, sprouted

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Alcea rosea
Family: Mallow (Malvaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(inner) : raw
: starch

Safety unknown

In-depth profile Botanical name: Humulus lupulus
Family: Hemp (Cannabaceae)
Perennial climber

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
(shoot) : cooked
(female) : details unknown

Contact with plant may cause dermatitis in sensitive individuals. Hairs can irritate eyes. Rich in estrogenic substances which may interfere with hormonal therapy. In case of breast cancer consult with health practitioner before consuming.

Marked depression may be accentuated.

May be mistaken for White Bryony Bryonia cretica

Botanical name: Glaucium flavum
Family: Poppy (Papaveraceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: oil

The leaves, stem and root are toxic

Botanical name: Armoracia rusticana
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: flavouring
: sprouted

Mildly toxic. Gastric irritant. Prolonged contact with root may cause blisters.

In-depth profile Botanical name: Equisetum arvense
Family: Horsetail (Equisetaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
(fertile) : cooked
: cooked

Toxic if consumed in large quantities .

Contains thiaminase. Thiaminase is a heat-resistant enzyme which destroys Vitamin B1. It is safe in small quantities, and when diet contains plenty of Vitamin B1. It is destroyed by cooking at 80 degrees Centigrade or above for at least 5 minutes.

Contains equisetic acid, a potent heart and nerve sedative.

May be mistaken for poisonous Marsh Horsetail E. palustris

Botanical name: Cetraria islandica

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: leach for jelly, cooked

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Tragopogon pratensis
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Annual/perennial

Collectability: availability unknown, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : raw

Safety unknown

In-depth profile Botanical name: Impatiens glandulifera
Family: Balsam (Balsaminaceae)
Annual

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, invasive non-native weed

Main benefit: source of carbohydrates

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Plant contains calcium oxalate. Calcium oxalate crystals cause severe irritation to mucous membranes and organs. Causes burning sensation in mouth, sometimes after a brief delay. Aggravates rheumatic conditions, kidney stones or hyper acidity. Severe poisoning can result in kidney damage and even death. May be neutralised by thoroughly drying or cooking or steeping in water. Best avoided.

Seeds are safe.

Botanical name: Juniperus communis
Family: Cypress (Cupressaceae)
Evergreen shrub

Collectability: rare and of little value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
: tea
: flavouring, tea
: roasted, beverage (cone slow to mature)

May be toxic to kidneys if consumed in large quantities. Avoid if pregnant.

Botanical name: Laminaria digitata - Seaweed

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat - very low tidal waters

Botanical name: Cymbalaria muralis
Family: Figwort (Scrophulariaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

May be mildly toxic

Botanical name: Anthyllis vulneraria
Family: Pea (Leguminosae)
Annual/perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: tea

Seeds are toxic if consumed in large quantities. Toxins may be removed by prolonged boiling and discarding the water.

Botanical name: Centaurea nigra
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(petals) : raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Polygonum aviculare
Family: Dock (Polygonaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

May cause photo sensitivity in sensitive people.

Contains oxalic acid. Oxalic acid can bind up other minerals, especially calcium. May aggravate rheumatic conditions, kidney stones, hyper acidity or osteoporosis. May be reduced by cooking, possibly also if eaten with a source of salts derived from methyl salicylate (salicylic acid etc.) from sources such as dried Queen of the Meadow. Eat in moderation.

Botanical name: Persicaria lapathifolia (syn. Polygonum l.)
Family: Dock (Polygonaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

May cause photo sensitivity in sensitive people.

Contains oxalic acid. Oxalic acid can bind up other minerals, especially calcium. May aggravate rheumatic conditions, kidney stones, hyper acidity or osteoporosis. May be reduced by cooking, possibly also if eaten with a source of salts derived from methyl salicylate (salicylic acid etc.) from sources such as dried Queen of the Meadow. Eat in moderation.

In-depth profile Botanical name: Fallopia japonica (syn. Polygonum cuspidatum, P. japonicum)
Family: Dock (Polygonaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, good, worthwhile root, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : cooked
: raw

May cause photo sensitivity in sensitive people.

Contains oxalic acid. Oxalic acid can bind up other minerals, especially calcium. May aggravate rheumatic conditions, kidney stones, hyper acidity or osteoporosis. May be reduced by cooking, possibly also if eaten with a source of salts derived from methyl salicylate (salicylic acid etc.) from sources such as dried Queen of the Meadow. Eat in moderation.

This plant is often sprayed with herbicides and may not show signs of wilting. Only pick from areas known to be untreated.

Botanical name: Alchemilla vulgaris
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: cooked

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Chenopodium album
Family: Goosefoot (Chenopodiaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked
: sprouted

May cause photo sensitivity in sensitive people.

Contains saponins and oxalic acid. Eat in moderation.

Saponins may be beneficial in small doses, but are toxic in large. May be removed by leaching, rinsing or heat. May affect mucous membranes. Some saponins are highly toxic.

Oxalic acid can bind up other minerals, especially calcium. May aggravate rheumatic conditions, kidney stones, hyper acidity or osteoporosis. May be reduced by cooking, possibly also if eaten with a source of salts derived from methyl salicylate (salicylic acid etc.) from sources such as dried Queen of the Meadow.

Contains or produces hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide, also known as Prussic acid, may be safe in very small quantities. May be driven off by heat. Very bitter with smell of almonds.

Can concentrate nitrates. Nitrates are linked with stomach cancer. Plants grown in nitrogen rich soil, especially grown with artificial fertiliser, can concentrate nitrates in the leaves. Avoid gathering plants where artificial fertilisers are used, or near farm yards, dung heaps and other nitrogen rich places.

This plant can also concentrate other soil toxins. Only pick from uncontaminated land.

Botanical name: Porphyra umbiliculis - Seaweed

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat - tidal waters

Botanical name: Allium ampeloprasum
Family: Lily (Liliaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: rare and of little value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

May be toxic if consumed in large quantities

Also known as Rocambole

Botanical name: Allium scorodoprasum
Family: Lily (Liliaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

May be toxic if consumed in large quantities

Botanical name: Allium triquetrum
Family: Lily (Liliaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

May be toxic if consumed in large quantities

Botanical name: Lactuca virosa
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Biennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: oil

The sap is narcotic if consumed in quantity. May be toxic.

Contains oxalic acid. Oxalic acid can bind up other minerals, especially calcium. May aggravate rheumatic conditions, kidney stones, hyper acidity or osteoporosis. May be reduced by cooking, possibly also if eaten with a source of salts derived from methyl salicylate (salicylic acid etc.) from sources such as dried Queen of the Meadow. Eat in moderation.

Botanical name: Claytonia perfoliata
Family: Dock (Portulacaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Mycelis muralis
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Botanical name: Ligusticum scoticum
Family: Carrot (Apiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : raw, flavouring

Member of the carrot family. There are a number of deadly poisonous plants in this family, with great superficial resemblance to edible plants. It is therefore advisable to be very careful when identifying plants in this family, and only consume them if you are completely sure of correct identification. See special note on the carrot family on the safety page.

Botanical name: Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Family: Heath (Ericaceae)
Evergreen shrub

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: tea
: raw

Leaves are mildly toxic

Botanical name: Lysimachia vulgaris
Family: Primrose (Primulaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(young) : details unknown

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Lythrum salicaria
Family: Loosestrife (Lythraceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Lythrum portula
Family: Loosestrife (Lythraceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Pulmonaria offinialis
Family: Borage (Boraginaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: suspect source information, caution advised

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Does not contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are often present in other Borage species.

Botanical name: Adiantum capillus-veneris
Perennial

Collectability: rare and of little value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

May contain carcinogens.

Contains thiaminase. Thiaminase is a heat-resistant enzyme which destroys Vitamin B1. It is safe in small quantities, and when diet contains plenty of Vitamin B1. It is destroyed by cooking at 80 degrees Centigrade or above for at least 5 minutes.

Botanical name: Althaea officinalis
Family: Mallow (Malvaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Malva sylvestris
Family: Mallow (Malvaceae)
Annual/perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Can concentrate nitrates. Nitrates are linked with stomach cancer. Plants grown in nitrogen rich soil, especially grown with artificial fertiliser, can concentrate nitrates in the leaves. Avoid gathering plants where artificial fertilisers are used, or near farm yards, dung heaps and other nitrogen rich places.

Botanical name: Malva moschata
Family: Mallow (Malvaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Can concentrate nitrates. Nitrates are linked with stomach cancer. Plants grown in nitrogen rich soil, especially grown with artificial fertiliser, can concentrate nitrates in the leaves. Avoid gathering plants where artificial fertilisers are used, or near farm yards, dung heaps and other nitrogen rich places.

Acer spp.
Family: Maple (Aceraceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: details unknown
: raw, syrup

In-depth profile Botanical name: Acer pseudoplatanus
Family: Maple (Aceraceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: plentiful, common, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: details unknown
: raw, syrup

Botanical name: Caltha palustris
Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: poisonous and of little value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
(young) : cooked

Toxic. Avoid.

All species of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) produce the toxin protoanemonin in varying quantities when damaged. Contact may causes itching or blistering. In the mouth it causes a burning sensation, and ingested causes gastric upset, headache, dizziness, spasms, paralysis or circulatory failure. Protoanemonis is non-cumulative and may be destroyed by heat and drying.

Some species of buttercups are highly toxic.

Take extra care identifying, handling and preparing plants in this family.

Botanical name: Matricaria discoidea
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw, tea

Consumption may cause allergies in sensitive people.
It may contain coumarin, especially when dried. Coumarin is a moderate kidney and liver toxin. Can cause headaches and suppress appetite. Coumarin is transformed by certain fungi into an anti-coagulant. Eat in moderation. Avoid if on drugs for circulatory conditions. Smells of fresh cut hay.

Botanical name: Mespilus germanica
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw (best bletted - when nearly rotten)

Toxic if consumed in large quantities.

Seeds contain or produce hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide, also known as Prussic acid, may be safe in very small quantities. May be driven off by heat. Very bitter with smell of almonds.

Botanical name: Melilotus altissimus
Family: Pea (Leguminosae)
Biennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) (pods) : cooked

Contains coumarin, especially when dried. Coumarin is a moderate kidney and liver toxin. Can cause headaches and suppress appetite. Coumarin is transformed by certain fungi into an anti-coagulant. Eat in moderation. Avoid if on drugs for circulatory conditions. Smells of fresh cut hay.

Botanical name: Reseda lutea
Family: Mignonette (Resedaceae)
Bienniel/perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Astragalus glycyphyllos
Family: Pea (Leguminosae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw, condensed juice

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Polygala vulgaris
Family: Dock (Polygalaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: tea

May be toxic if consumed in large quantities

Botanical name: Mentha rotundifolia
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: flavouring

Essential oil may be toxic if consumed in quantity. May cause abortion.

Botanical name: Mentha requienii
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: flavouring

Essential oil may be toxic if consumed in quantity. May cause abortion.

Botanical name: Mentha citrata
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: flavouring

Essential oil may be toxic if consumed in quantity. May cause abortion.

Botanical name: Mentha aquatica
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: flavouring

Essential oil may be toxic if consumed in quantity. May cause abortion.

Botanical name: Mentha arvensis
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: flavouring

Essential oil may be toxic if consumed in quantity. May cause abortion.

Botanical name: Mimulus guttatus
Family: Figwort (Scrophulariaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Suspect source information - edibility unlikely

Also known as Rowan

Botanical name: Sorbus aucuparia
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: plentiful, common, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked, jelly

Fruit can cause gastric upset if eaten in quantity. Cooking destroys substance.

The leaves, bark and seeds contain or produce hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide, also known as Prussic acid, may be safe in very small quantities. May be driven off by heat. Very bitter with smell of almonds.

Botanical name: Morus ssp
Family: Mulberry (Moraceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Botanical name: Brassica nigra
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
(bud) : cooked
: raw, flavouring

May be toxic

Botanical name: Sinapis arvensis
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: cooked
: sprouted, flavouring

May be toxic when pods form

Botanical name: Brassica rapa
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Annual/biennial

Collectability: availability unknown, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

In-depth profile Botanical name: Alliaria petiolata
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Biennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, good, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
(pods) : raw

In-depth profile Botanical name: Sisymbrium officinale
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Annual

Collectability: plentiful, common, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: flavouring

May be toxic if consumed in large quantities - may affect heart

Botanical name: Sinapis alba
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: sprouted, flavouring

Seeds may be toxic (as pods form), and contact with them may cause dermatitis in sensitive people.

In-depth profile Botanical name: Urtica dioica
Family: Nettle (Urticaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, good, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked, leaf curd, juice (links to another page)
: sprouted

Contact with plant causes irritation.

Older leaves contain cystoliths, gritty particles - a kidney irritant.

Irritating hairs contain formic acid and other irritants which are destroyed by cooking or drying.

This plant can concentrate soil toxins. Only pick from uncontaminated land.

In-depth profile Botanical name: Lapsana communis
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Annual

Collectability: plentiful, common, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

In-depth profile Botanical name: Quercus L.
Family: Beech (Fagaceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: plentiful, common

Edible parts and how to consume
: leached and cooked

Contains tannin in high concentrations, especially in the acorns of Red Oak species. Tannin binds with protein, can interfere with iron absorption and can cause gastric pain, irritation to organs and liver damage. It is bitter and astringent and colours water dark. It may be reduced or removed by leaching in several changes of water, until it runs clear (not brown). Baking soda added to the water may speed up the process. Tannin breaks down with time.

Botanical name: Allium macropetalum
Family: Lily (Liliaceae)

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

May be toxic if consumed in large quantities

Botanical name: Atriplex prostrata
Family: Goosefoot (Chenopodiaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

Can concentrate nitrates. Nitrates are linked with stomach cancer. Plants grown in nitrogen rich soil, especially grown with artificial fertiliser, can concentrate nitrates in the leaves. Avoid gathering plants where artificial fertilisers are used, or near farm yards, dung heaps and other nitrogen rich places.

This plant can also concentrate other soil toxins. Only pick from uncontaminated land.

Also known as Hollyleaved Barberry

Botanical name: Mahonia aquifolium
Family: Barberry (Berberidaceae)
Evergreen shrub

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Origanum vulgare
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: flavouring

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Hylotelephium telephium (syn. Sedum telephium)
Family: Stonecrop (Crassulaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: cooked

May be mildly toxic if eaten in quantity

Botanical name: Oxalis corniculata
Family: Wood-sorrel (Oxalidaceae)
Annual/perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Safety unknown

see Wood-sorrel

Botanical name: Picris echioides
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Annual/biennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Mertensia maritima
Family: Borage (Boraginaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: suspect source information, caution advised. Also, rare.

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: details unknown

May contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids which can cause liver damage and cancer and are cumulative. This plant is also rare. Best avoided, especially when pregnant.

Botanical name: Aethusa cynapium
Family: Carrot (Apiaceae)
Annual

Collectability: poisonous and of little value as food, weed

Toxic (mostly the root ) - avoid.
Member of the carrot family. There are a number of deadly poisonous plants in this family, with great superficial resemblance to edible plants. It is therefore advisable to be very careful when identifying plants in this family, and only consume them if you are completely sure of correct identification. See special note on the carrot family on the safety page.

Botanical name: Aphanes arvensis
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Heracleum maximum
Family: Carrot (Apiaceae)
Biennial/perennial

Collectability: suspect source information, caution advised; listed as endangered in some states

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : raw
: cooked

When young the plant is easily mistaken for Giant Hogweed Heracleum mantegazzianum, which is particularly high in irritants.

Contains furanocoumarin, especially when damaged or attacked by mould. May cause photodermatitis in contact with sap and exposure to sun light or other ultra violet light. Only gather good specimen and consume as fresh as possible. Boiling can reduce it by half (discard water). Eat sparingly.

Member of the carrot familyy. There are a number of deadly poisonous plants in this family, with great superficial resemblance to edible plants. It is therefore advisable to be very careful when identifying plants in this family, and only consume them if you are completely sure of correct identification. See special note on the carrot family on the safety page.

Botanical name: Pastinaca sativa
Family: Carrot (Apiaceae)
Biennial

Collectability: availability unknown, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked
: raw
: flavouring

Leaves contains furanocoumarin, especially when damaged or attacked by mould. May cause photodermatitis in contact with sap and exposure to sun light or other ultra violet light. Only gather good specimen and consume as fresh as possible. Boiling can reduce it by half (discard water). Eat sparingly.

Member of the carrot family. There are a number of deadly poisonous plants in this family, with great superficial resemblance to edible plants. It is therefore advisable to be very careful when identifying plants in this family, and only consume them if you are completely sure of correct identification. See special note on the carrot family on the safety page.

Botanical name: Lathyrus japonicus
Family: Pea (Leguminosae)
Perennial

Collectability: rare, specialised habitat - coastal

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: cooked

Seeds are toxic if consumed in large quantities

Note: the plant dies when trampled.

Botanical name: Pyrus communis
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
(when nearly rotten) : cooked

Botanical name: Thlaspi arvense
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: flavouring, sprouted

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Mentha pulegium
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: rare and of little value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
: flavouring

Essential oil may be toxic if consumed in large quantities. May cause abortion. Contains pulegone, which may cause liver damage. Children, including the unborn are more vulnerable to liver damage. Avoid if pregnant.

Botanical name: Mentha x piperita L.
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: flavouring

Essential oil may be toxic if consumed in large quantities. May cause abortion.

Botanical name: Lepidium latifolium
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: rare and of little value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw, flavouring

Botanical name: Anagallis arvensis
Family: Primrose (Primulaceae)
Annual

Collectability: poisonous

Contact with plant may cause dermatitis in sensitive people. Toxic.

Botanical name: Pinus spp
Family: Pine (Pinaceae)
Evergreen tree

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: tea
: raw

Bark, and possibly other parts may contain large amounts of terpenes, volatile organic compounds, which are toxic in quantity. Eat in moderation.

Botanical name: Plantago coronopus
Family: Plantain (Plantaginaceae)
Annual/perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Alisma plantago-aquatica
Family: Water-plantain (Alismataceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

All parts are toxic - toxicity may be destroyed by heat. Boil root in several changes of water to remove substance.

In-depth profile Botanical name: Plantago lanceolata
Family: Plantain (Plantaginaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, good, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: cooked

Botanical name: Prunus cerasifera
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: raw, if not bitter

The leaves, bark and seeds contain or produce hydrogen cyanide in contact with water. Hydrogen cyanide, also known as Prussic acid, may be safe in very small quantities. May be driven off by heat. Very bitter with smell of almonds.

Botanical name: Prunus domestica ssp insititia
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

The leaves, bark and seeds contain or produce hydrogen cyanide in contact with water. Hydrogen cyanide, also known as Prussic acid, may be safe in very small quantities. May be driven off by heat. Very bitter with smell of almonds.

Botanical name: Nuphar advena
Family: Water-lily (Nymphaeaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Papaver rhoeas
Family: Poppy (Papaveraceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw (befoer flowering)
: raw

May be toxic. Eat in moderation. Seeds are safe.

Botanical name: Primula L.
Family: Primrose (Primulaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Botanical name: Primula veris
Family: Primrose (Primulaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Flower stamens may cause allergic reaction

Note: leaves are food for the Duke of Burgundy fritillary caterpillar

Botanical name: Atriplex portulacoides (syn. Halimione portulacoides)
Family: Goosefoot (Chenopodiaceae)
Evergreen shrub

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat - coastal

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

This plant can concentrate soil toxins. Only pick from uncontaminated land.

Botanical name: Ornithogalum pyrenaicum
Family: Lily (Liliaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : cooked

Contact with the bulb may cause dermatitis in sensitive people

In-depth profile Botanical name: Elytrigia repens
Family: Grass (Graminae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, good, invasive weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: leaf curd, juice (links to another page)
: cooked
: details unknown

Sap may irritate skin of sensitive individuals.

Botanical name: Daucus carota
Family: Carrot (Apiaceae)
Biennial

Collectability: availability unknown, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

Tops may be toxic.

Contains furanocoumarin, especially when damaged or attacked by mould. May cause photo dermatitis in contact with sap and exposure to sun light or other ultra violet light. Only gather good specimen and consume as fresh as possible. Boiling can reduce it by half (discard water). Eat sparingly.

Member of the carrot family. There are a number of deadly poisonous plants in this family, with great superficial resemblance to edible plants. It is therefore advisable to be very careful when identifying plants in this family, and only consume them if you are completely sure of correct identification. See special note on the carrot family on the safety page.

In-depth profile Botanical name: Filipendula ulmaria
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked, tea
: tea, flavouring
: cooked

Contains methyl salicylate - not suitable for individuals with heightened sensitivity to aspirin.

Contains traces of coumarin, especially when dried. Coumarin is a moderate kidney and liver toxin. Can cause headaches and suppress appetite. Coumarin is transformed by certain fungi into an anti-coagulant. Avoid if on drugs for circulatory conditions. Smells of fresh cut hay.

Botanical name: Raphanus raphanistrum
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
(pods, young) : raw
: oil

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Campanula rapunculus
Family: Bellflower (Campanulaceae)
Bienniel/perennial

Collectability: rare and of little value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Brassica napus
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Annual/biennial

Collectability: suspect source information, caution advised

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: oil, flavouring

The oil of the seeds is toxic, except in some cultivars.

In-depth profile Botanical name: Rubus idaeus
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: tea
(young) : cooked
: raw

Thorns on stems

Also known as Lady's Thumb, Spotted

Botanical name: Polygonum persicaria
Family: Dock (Polygonaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

May cause photo sensitivity.

Contains oxalic acid. Oxalic acid can bind up other minerals, especially calcium. May aggravate rheumatic conditions, kidney stones, hyper acidity or osteoporosis. May be reduced by cooking, possibly also if eaten with a source of salts derived from methyl salicylate (salicylic acid etc.) from sources such as dried Queen of the Meadow. Eat in moderation.

In-depth profile Botanical name: Phragmites australis
Family: Grass (Graminae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, good, worthwhile root, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
(partly unfolded) : cooked
(shoot) : raw

Care should be taken not to gather plants from polluted water, and to wash all lower parts thoroughly to avoid soil-born contamination.

Blades are sharp.

Botanical name: Ononis repens
Family: Pea (Leguminosae)
Shrub

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Rumex alpinus
Family: Dock (Polygonaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: suspect source information, caution advised

Edible parts and how to consume
: details unknown

Contains oxalic acid. Oxalic acid can bind up other minerals, especially calcium. May aggravate rheumatic conditions, kidney stones, hyper acidity or osteoporosis. May be reduced by cooking, possibly also if eaten with a source of salts derived from methyl salicylate (salicylic acid etc.) from sources such as dried Queen of the Meadow. Eat in moderation.

In-depth profile Botanical name: Rosa canina
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: plentiful, common, good

Edible parts and how to consume
: tea
: raw
: details unknown

Sharp thorns.

Seed hairs are irritant - remove before consuming seed.

Botanical name: Hibiscus syriacus
Family: Mallow (Malvaceae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: details unknown

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Butomus umbellatus
Family: Flowering Rush (Butomaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: rare and of little value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked
: details unknown

Botanical name: Juncus spp.

not generally edible

Botanical name: Lolium perenne
Family: Grass (Graminae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, good

Edible parts and how to consume
: leaf curd, juice (links to another page)
: flour

see Families - Grass (links to another page)

Botanical name: Tragopogon porrifolius
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Biennial

Collectability: availability unknown, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : raw
: sprouted

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Crithmum maritimum
Family: Carrot (Apiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: specialised habitat - coastal

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : raw
(pods) : pickled

Member of the carrot family. There are a number of deadly poisonous plants in this family, with great superficial resemblance to edible plants. It is therefore advisable to be very careful when identifying plants in this family, and only consume them if you are completely sure of correct identification. See special note on the carrot family on the safety page.

Botanical name: Chrysosplenium oppositifolium
Family: Saxifrage (Saxifragaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

May be mistaken for the poisonous young Leafy Spurge Euphorbia esula

Botanical name: Crambe maritima
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : raw
(bud) : cooked

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Ulva lactuca - Seaweed

Collectability: specialised habitat - tidal waters

Botanical name: Carex pendula
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(if free from ergot) : cooked, flour

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Prunella vulgaris
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

In-depth profile Botanical name: Capsella bursa-pastoris
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Annual

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, good, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Susceptible to mould. Avoid mouldy leaves.

Botanical name: Ornithogalum umbellatum
Family: Lily (Liliaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: rare and of limited value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
(bulb) : raw

Bulb is said to be toxic, as are the leaves and flowers.

Botanical name: Symphoricarpos albus
Family: Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Mildly toxic (mostly the leaves and root).

Contains saponins. Saponins may be beneficial in small doses, but are toxic in large. May be removed by leaching, rinsing or heat. Eat in moderation. May affect mucous membranes. Some saponins are highly toxic.

In-depth profile Botanical name: Rumex acetosa
Family: Dock (Polygonaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, good, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: cooked

Contains oxalic acid. Oxalic acid can bind up other minerals, especially calcium. May aggravate rheumatic conditions, kidney stones, hyper acidity or osteoporosis. May be reduced by cooking, possibly also if eaten with a source of salts derived from methyl salicylate (salicylic acid etc.) from sources such as dried Queen of the Meadow. Eat in moderation.

Botanical name: Sonchus oleraceus
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Biennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
(peeled) : cooked

Remove prickles

Botanical name: Sonchus arvensis
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
(shoot) : cooked
: cooked, roasted

Remove prickles

Botanical name: Sonchus asper
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: cooked

Remove prickles

Botanical name: Atriplex patula
Family: Goosefoot (Chenopodiaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: cooked

May cause photo sensitivity in sensitive people.

Can concentrate nitrates. Nitrates are linked with stomach cancer. Plants grown in nitrogen rich soil, especially grown with artificial fertiliser, can concentrate nitrates in the leaves. Avoid gathering plants where artificial fertilisers are used, or near farm yards, dung heaps and other nitrogen rich places.

This plant can also concentrate other soil toxins. Only pick from uncontaminated land.

Botanical name: Mentha spicata
Family: Mint (Lamiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: flavouring

Essential oil may be toxic if consumed in large quantities. May cause abortion.

Botanical name: Veronica beccabunga
Family: Figwort (Scrophulariaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: specialised habitat - damp, aquatic

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Veronica chamaedrys
Family: Figwort (Scrophulariaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: tea

Safety unknown

In-depth profile Botanical name: Cochlearia officinalis
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Inland sources grow mainly along winter-salted roads. Plants should only be collected where traffic levels are very low to avoid pollutants. It is worth checking beyond any hedge banks, where the soil may still be saline enough for the plants to grow, but there the bank protects them from vehicle pollution. Follow the law and the country code when potentially entering on private land.

In-depth profile Picea spp.
Family: Pine (Pinaceae)
Evergreen tree

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
(inner bark) : cooked
: male: raw, female: cooked

Bark, and possibly other parts may contain large amounts of terpenes, volatile organic compounds, which are toxic in quantity. Eat in moderation.

Botanical name: Hypericum perforatum
Family: St.John's Wort (Clusiaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: suspect source information, caution advised, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: tea

May cause photo sensitivity in sensitive people.

Botanical name: Sedum acre
Family: Stonecrop (Crassulaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Contact with sap may cause irritation. Can cause gastric upset if eaten in quantity. May be toxic.

Botanical name: Sedum reflexum
Family: Stonecrop (Crassulaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Can cause gastric upset if eaten in quantity. May be toxic.

Botanical name: Erodium cicutarium
Family: Cranesbill (Geraniaceae)
Annual/biennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

In-depth profile Botanical name: Fragaria vesca
Family: Rose (Rosaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: common, widespread, good

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: cooked

Botanical name: Arbutus unedo
Family: Heath (Ericaceae)
Evergreen shrub

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Laminaria saccharina - Seaweed

Collectability: specialised habitat - tidal waters

Botanical name: Melilotus officinalis
Family: Pea (Leguminosae)
Bienniel

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(pods) : raw, flavouring
(shoot) : cooked
: details unknown

Contains coumarin, especially when dried. Coumarin is a moderate kidney and liver toxin. Can cause headaches and suppress appetite. Coumarin is transformed by certain fungi into an anti-coagulant. Eat in moderation. Avoid if on drugs for circulatory conditions. Smells of fresh cut hay.

Botanical name: Coronopus squamatus
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Annual/biennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked
: sprouted

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Tanacetum vulgare
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: suspect source information, caution advised

Edible parts and how to consume
: flavouring

Contains thujone which is toxic to brain and liver cells and may cause abortion if eaten in quantity. Avoid if pregnant.

Does not contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are present in some of Tansy's close relatives.

Botanical name: Silybum marianum
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Biennial

Collectability: availability unknown, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
(peeled) : raw
(bud) : cooked
: roasted, sprouted

Remove prickles.

Can concentrate nitrates. Nitrates are linked with stomach cancer. Plants grown in nitrogen rich soil, especially grown with artificial fertiliser, can concentrate nitrates in the leaves. Avoid gathering plants where artificial fertilisers are used, or near farm yards, dung heaps and other nitrogen rich places.

Botanical name: Cirsium vulgare
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Biennial

Collectability: common, widespread, weed, palatable, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
(bud) : cooked
: raw, sprouted

Remove prickles

Botanical name: Cirsium arvense
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: common, widespread, palatable, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
(peeled) : cooked
: sprouted

Remove prickles

Botanical name: Cirsium palustre
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Biennial

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat, weed, palatable, worthwhile root

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
(young) : cooked
: sprouted

Remove prickles

Botanical name: Salsola pestifer
Family: Goosefoot (Chenopodaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : raw
: cooked, sprouted

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Bidens tripartita
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(young) : cooked

Safety unknown

Also known as Seapink

Botanical name: Armeria maritima
Family: Sea Lavender (Plumbaginaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: specialised habitat - coastal

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked
: details unknown

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Lotus corniculatus
Family: Pea (Legumiosae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: sprouted

Contains or produces hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide, also known as Prussic acid, may be safe in very small quantities. May be driven off by heat. Very bitter with smell of almonds.

Botanical name: Ranunculus bulbosus
Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: poisonous and of little value as food. Weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

All species of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) produce the toxin protoanemonin in varying quantities when damaged. Contact may causes itching or blistering. In the mouth it causes a burning sensation, and ingested causes gastric upset, headache, dizziness, spasms, paralysis or circulatory failure. Protoanemonin is non-cumulative and may be destroyed by heat and drying.

Some species of buttercups are highly toxic.

Take extra care identifying, handling and preparing plants in this family.

Botanical name: Valeriana officinalis
Family: Valerian (Valerianacea)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: flavouring
: details unknown

Narcotic - may be addictive if consumed for prolonged period. Consume for no more than three months.

Botanical name: Centranthus ruber
Family: Valerian (Valerianaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: cooked

Safety unknown

Botanical name: Vicia cracca
Family: Pea (Leguminosae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : cooked

Seeds are toxic if consumed in large quantities. Toxins may be removed by prolonged boiling and discarding the water.

Botanical name: Vicia sepium
Family: Pea (Leguminosae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

Seeds are toxic if consumed in large quantities. Toxins may be removed by prolonged boiling and discarding the water.

Botanical name: Vicia sativa
Family: Pea (Leguminosae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) (pods) : cooked

Seeds are toxic if consumed in large quantities. Toxins may be removed by prolonged boiling and discarding the water.

Botanical name: Vicia hirsuta
Family: Pea (Leguminosae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
(shoot) : cooked

Seeds are toxic if consumed in large quantities. Toxins may be removed by prolonged boiling and discarding the water.

Botanical name: Viola odorata
Family: Violet (Violaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Safety unknown

In-depth profile Botanical name: Juglans regia
Family: Walnut (Juglandaceae)
Deciduous tree

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw, syrup
: raw

The seed casing can stain clothes and skin.

Needs careful storage as susceptible to dangerous moulds. See Collection, Storing and Notes on the profile page.

Botanical name: Nymphaea alba
Family: Water-lily (Nymphaeaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: rare (protected) and of little value as food

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

Leach in several changes of water to remove substance. May be toxic.

Botanical name: Nuphar lutea
Family: Water-lily (Nymphaeaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked

Leach in several changes of water to remove substance. May be toxic.

Botanical name: Nasturtium officinale
Formerly classified as: Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat - aquatic

Edible parts and how to consume
: cooked
: flavouring, sprouted

Avoid water courses going through pasture. Wash well and cook to destroy water-borne parasites.

Botanical name: Lepidium draba (syn. Cardaria draba)
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: flavouring
: sprouted

May be toxic

Botanical name: Draba muralis
Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)
Annual

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw (Vitamin C)

Safety unknown

In-depth profile Botanical name: Vaccinium myrtillus
Family: Heath (Ericaceae)
Deciduous shrub

Collectability: good, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: tea
: raw

The leaves should only be consumed up to three weeks at a time

Botanical name: Pyrola minor
Family: Dock (Pyrolaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw
: details unknown

Safety unknown

In-depth profile Botanical name: Oxalis acetosella
Family: Wood-sorrel (Oxalidaceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, specialised habitat

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Wood-sorrel can be mistaken for Clover species when neither plant is in flower.

Contains oxalic acid and traces of calcium oxalate. Eat in moderation.
Oxalic acid can bind up other minerals, especially calcium. May aggravate rheumatic conditions, kidney stones, hyper acidity or osteoporosis. May be reduced by cooking, possibly also if eaten with a source of salts derived from methyl salicylate (salicylic acid etc.) from sources such as dried Queen of the Meadow.

Calcium oxalate crystals cause severe irritation to mucous membranes and organs. Causes burning sensation in mouth, sometimes after a brief delay. Aggravates rheumatic conditions, kidney stones or hyper acidity. Severe poisoning can result in kidney damage and even death. May be neutralised by thoroughly drying or cooking or steeping in water.

Botanical name: Artemisia vulgaris
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: availability unknown, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Toxic if consumed in large quantities. Contact with plant may cause dermatitis in sensitive people.

Contains thujone which is toxic to brain and liver cells and may cause abortion if eaten in quantity. Avoid if pregnant.

In-depth profile Botanical name: Achillea millefolium
Family: Daisy (Asteraceae)
Perennial

Collectability: plentiful, common, widespread, good, weed

Edible parts and how to consume
: raw

Prolonged consumption may cause allergies. Leaves and flower may also cause photosensitivity on contact.

Contains thujone which is toxic to brain and liver cells and may cause abortion if eaten in quantity. Avoid if pregnant.